Management Business Information Systems

Questions: Complete the following tasks and submit your answers as report. Make sure to follow the requirements and report structure mentioned below under a separate heading.As the business/IT consultant, you need to advise Catherine Siddothi on possibilities that would best suit the requirements. She will need advice on what types of information systems can help the business and how the introduction of information systems will impact the business. You need to write a report which should cover the following tasks: 1. Define information systems; explain how they work; and describe their benefits for business. What types of information systems could be used to support PMF? 2. Explain how these information systems could help PMF in managing the business. How will the introduction of information systems affect management decision making? 3. Use Porters Competitive Forces Model to explain how these information systems could be used to gain competitive advantages. 4. What are the information requirements of PMF? What business processes should PMF consider making computerised? Why? 5. Explain how collaboration and communication among key stakeholders could be supported using information systems. Explain the use of computer networks (intranets and extranets) and the Internet to serve their needs. 6. What management challenges will affect organisational change during the implementation of the computerised information system? 7. State and explain the security and ethical issues may arise from the introduction of information systems in the business? Answers: Introduction: In present situation, technological evolution has made information management system as an integral part of any businesses. With the increasing number of obstacles arising in the market place, every organization is also trying to implement different technologies so that they can able to gain competitive advantage in the market. The assignment also deals with a similar case study that illustrates the kind of challenges that a small business namely Pepper Mint Food (PMF) has to face in order to run it properly. The case study mentioned an entrepreneur namely Catherine Siddothi who started the Pepper Mint Food company on her own kitchen. From the beginning, the business has able to gain success with its unique foods and services. However, with the increasing size of business Catherine has facing many challenges regarding managing information and communicate with all the employees in the company. The assignment will critically analyze how the introduction of information management system can help PMF to manage the business much more effectively. Information system: An information system is a system that assesses and analyzes business information, captured continuously form both internal and external sources of an organization. It is extremely crucial for the success of the organization. Timely information provide basis for making important business decisions such as pricing, packaging, media selection and distribution. Effective decision-making is extremely important, as it will help the company to counter any challenges from the market (Chang et al. 2013). The use of information system also helps the company to smoothen the communication process, which is extremely important to minimize work related confusion at the office premises. Types of information system for PMF: Even for a small size business like PMF, utilization of single system cannot help the organization to use all its information effectively (Abdelhak, Grostick and Hanken 2014). Since, a business has to maintain different kind of data in order to run its operations effectively. Pepper Mint Food also has to combination of different system in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. Therefore, identification of information system is necessary for the company. PMF will also have to select information system based on two perspectives, functional and constituency. Functional perspective will help PMF to identify a system that will help to smooth the operation al function of the company. On the other hand, constituency will help to identify a system for the group of customers that the organization serves. In functional perspective, there are four types of information system such as sales and marketing information system, production and manufacturing information system, accounting and finance information system and human resource information system (Cordray et al. 2015). If PMF utilize these types of information system properly, it will definitely able to improve its existing operational process. There are four types of information system in constituency perspective as well that can play significant role in the success of PMF. These information systems are transaction processing system (TSS), management information system (MIS), decision support system (DSS), and executive support system (ESS). Utilization of information system: Sales and marketing information system: This information system can help PMF by identifying potential customers from the market. This information also can provide PMF an indication about the need of the potential customers (Haux et al. 2013). This is extremely crucial for PMF to capture major portion of the market, as this process can help the company to target its customer much more effectively. Production and manufacturing information system: It deals with the development and planning of the production system. Therefore, this system can enable PMF to control the flow of production. Hence, the system will increase the effective decision-making of Catherine Siddothi. Accounting and finance information system: This system will allow PMF to keep track of all the assets of the company. Therefore, it will make sure that all the assets of the company are utilizing to its fullest for the success of the organization (Power, Sharda and Burstein 2015). Account receivable system will help PMF to store important data of customers. Human resource information system (HRIS): It will help PMF to maintain records of its employees. However, PMF is working with six employees currently. Still, the company has to implement this system so that it can able to utilize all its resources properly. Transaction processing system (TSS): This basic information system will help PMF to maintain information regarding daily routine transaction that is necessary to conduct a business. It is important, as keeping a tract of daily task is very difficult without any information system. Management information system (MIS): The study already mentioned the kind of difficulties that Catherine Siddothi is facing to run its business properly (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Therefore, MIS system will help Catherine to analyze present and historical data of the company. So that she can able to plan and control her decision-making in such a way that will help PMF to grow in the existing market. Decision support system (DSS): This is a key system for any company for taking effective decision. Since, it analyzes the data in much more effective way. It will allow PMF to make decision so that the company can able to grow in the market. Executive support system (ESS): This system will allow PMF to minimize issues within the organizational system. Since, it allows to create an environment that will help Catherine Siddothi to take decisions much more effectively. Porters competitive forces model: This is arguably the most used model to analyze competitive advantage of a particular firm in the market (Lim 2013). The model highlighted five competitive forces that PMF has to consider to judge its position in the market. Traditional competitors: PMF obviously is not the only business that is providing pre-packaged meals in the town. Therefore, like any other organization, PMF also has to share the market with its competitors. New market entrants: The study has mentioned that a new competitor has already trying to grab the major portion of the market with utilization of new technology, which working as a competitive disadvantage form PMF. Substitute product and service: Almost in every industry, customers have many options from which they can choose the product they desire. Therefore, PMF has to keep a close look on the market in order to maintain its position. Figure 1: Porters competitive force model Customers: Customer is another major factor that decides the amount of competitive advantage a company has in the market (Van De Walle et al. 2014). PMF also has to introduce strategies in order to have more customers within the market. Suppliers: Suppliers also play a key role in gaining competitive advantage. Since, the more number of suppliers a company has greater the chances of competitive advantage in the market. Strategies to gain competitive advantage: Low-cost leadership strategy: Utilization of informational system will allow PMF to achieve minimum level of operational cost (Schwalbe 2015). For example, PMF can introduce a efficient customer response system that will directly link behavior of the customer to production and distribution of supply chain. Product differentiation strategy: Information system enhances customer convenience to enable product of PMF. For example, utilization information system will allow PMF to utilize strategies like individually tailored offering that will create a huge impact on the competitive advantage of PMF. Niche market: Information system will enable PMF to narrow their target better than its competitors. It will also support the strategy by providing data to analyze the way the company can actually able to gain the major share of the market. Information requirements of PMF: In order to maintain its position in the market, PMF will have to utilize available information in a structured way so that the company can able to gain competitive advantage in the market. Firstly, PMF will have to gather and store information about its internal process so that the company can perform its operation effectively. Internal information like employee details, employee pays, raw material cost, packaging cost, distribution cost of the company. This information is extremely crucial for the assessment of the company (Katz 2012). As it will allow PMF to understand its position in the market. The company also has to collect external information as well. External information like competitors information, market information is extremely crucial for a company to gain competitive advantage in the market. External information will also allow PMF to assess the strategies of the competitors so that it can able to counter it successfully. Business process for PMF: Before implementing an information system, PMF first have to identify the business process that the company will follow in near future in order to get competitive advantage in the market. Selection of business process is extremely crucial for the running a company effectively. The study mentioned that PMF is facing lot of difficulties to manage its activities properly. Therefore, Management process will best suits PMF, as it will allow the company to set goals and then plan, organize, direct and control the business process of the company (Davenport 2013). In addition, implementation of information system will also help the company to perform these processes properly. Figure 2: Management process PMF should also select management process as it can be computerized easily. Therefore, PMF will not have to spend too much time to understand this business process. Therefore, the implementation of the information system will not affect the productivity of the company. Use of computer networks for collaboration and communication among key stakeholders: In present situation, importance of internet cannot be ignored. Due to internet, competitions among the organization have become immense. Use of internet encouraged many businesses to enter into the market. However, internet also plays a significant role in developing businesses (Letellier and Eppich 2015). Since, it supports certain activities that allow more effective collaboration and communication of the stakeholders. The activities discussed as follows: The value chain model: It depicts specific activities in the company where competitive strategies can be applied where information system can have strategic impact most likely. The use of internet will allow PMF to perform a chain of activities that will enhance the value chain of the company. These activities can be categorized as a part of the value chain model. The performance of this activity can also create effective collaboration among the key stakeholders of the company. Figure 3: Industry value chain Primary activities: Use of internet in the information system will allow PMF relate production with the distribution. Therefore, it will allow the company to create a good bond with all its suppliers. It will also allow the activity like operation, sales and marketing of the company to work more properly. Support activities: Use of internet in the information system will also create opportunity for PMF to maintain a high quality internal infrastructure (Marchewka 2014). It will also allow PMF to manage its human resource, procurement and technology processes properly, which will help the company to increase the boding of the company with its internal stakeholders. Management challenges regarding implementation of the computerized information system: Implementation of computerized information system in a small business structure like PMF is not easy at all. The management of the company will have to face certain obstacles at the time of implementing computerized information system. Therefore, it is up to the management of PMF on how they deal with the challenges so that the company can able to achieve its desired objective. The challenges that the company may have to face described as follows: Job elimination: The major challenge that PMF has to face regarding implementation of information system is the employees fear that the new technology will make them obsolete. Therefore, the company might not need them at all (Deelman et al. 2015). Hence, the management of PMF first has to make everyone educate within the company about the exact reason of implementation of this new technology so that no misconception can able to arise in the workplace. Otherwise, the company might lose its productivity. Security breaches: This is another sever challenge that PMF have to face at the time of implementation of computerized information system. With evolution in technology, hackers are now can easily able to breach the information system of the company very easily. Therefore, it makes the confidential information vulnerable in front of them. Hence, PMF will have to create high security system can cannot easily be breached by the hackers. Security and ethical issues: As mentioned before, security of information is the major cause of concern for every company in present situation. Since, information breaches can actually create a huge amount impact on the businesses of the company. Therefore, it is necessary to keep maintain a high quality security level for the company. However, the company will have to make sure that in order to create a high quality security system; the company is actually following the ethical codes of information system. Otherwise, it might create a huge amount of negative impact on the businesses of the company (Feng, Siu and Zhang 2013). PMF also have to maintain four prime factors such as privacy, accuracy, access and property in order to maintain ethics of information system. Especially, PMF have to make sure that the information system of the company is maintaining the accuracy factor. Otherwise, the whole objective of implementing computerized information system might get lost in between the unethical practices. Conclusion: In modern days, information system has become an integral part of any businesses. Companies are keeping on trying to implement an information system that can give them the opportunity to gain competitive advantage in the market. In fact, many studies have established the fact that no company will able to remain competitive in the market without the utilization of proper information system. However, like any other technologies, information management system also comes with certain obstacles. Hence, it is up to the management of PMF to utilize the information system in such a way that it could able to gain competitive advantage in the market. References: Abdelhak, M., Grostick, S. and Hanken, M.A., 2014.Health information: management of a strategic resource. Elsevier Health Sciences. Borghoff, U.M. and Pareschi, R. eds., 2013.Information technology for knowledge management. Springer Science Business Media. Chang, C.J., Kuo, H.C., Chen, C.Y., Chen, T.H. and Chung, P.Y., 2013. Ergonomic Techniques for a Mobile E Invoice System: Operational Requirements of an Information Management System.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(6), pp.582-589. Cordray, C., Link, D., Chart, R. and Ginter, K., Sciencelogic, Inc., 2015.Self configuring network management system. U.S. Patent 9,077,611. Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Deelman, E., Vahi, K., Juve, G., Rynge, M., Callaghan, S., Maechling, P.J., Mayani, R., Chen, W., da Silva, R.F., Livny, M. and Wenger, K., 2015. Pegasus, a workflow management system for science automation.Future Generation Computer Systems,46, pp.17-35. Disterer, G., 2013. ISO/IEC 27000, 27001 and 27002 for information security management. Feng, D., Siu, W.C. and Zhang, H.J. eds., 2013.Multimedia information retrieval and management: Technological fundamentals and applications. Springer Science Business Media. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Haux, R., Winter, A., Ammenwerth, E. and Brigl, B., 2013.Strategic information management in hospitals: an introduction to hospital information systems. Springer Science Business Media. Katz, R., 2012.Information management for engineering design. Springer Science Business Media. Letellier, R. and Eppich, R. eds., 2015.Recording, documentation and information management for the conservation of heritage places. Routledge. Lim, K., Nextlabs, Inc., 2013.Techniques of transforming policies to enforce control in an information management system. U.S. Patent 8,544,058. Marchewka, J.T., 2014.Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Power, D.J., Sharda, R. and Burstein, F., 2015.Decision support systems. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Van De Walle, B., Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R., 2014.Information systems for emergency management. Routledge. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.

Identification & Engagement of Stakeholders-Samples for Students

Question: Discusss about the Identification and Engagement of Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction Community assessment essentially pinpoints the strengths as well as resources that are at the disposal of a community to ensure that the needs of the youth, children, and families are met. The fundamental purpose of community assessment is to come up with concrete strategies to tackle the needs of the community. Community assessment is beneficial since the strengths and weaknesses of a community are identified, appropriate decision is able to be made since data is readily available and the community members are able to better understand their needs (Mpofu Oakland, 2014). The purpose of this report is to closely look at the steps involved in community assessment and how they contribute to tackling the needs of the community. Identification and engagement of stakeholders This is the first step that should be carried out as far as community assessment is concerned. Community members must be recruited to serve in the community group. These create a sense of joint ownership of the process hence trust is built. Those chosen must include individuals that are respected in the community since they are in a position to better represent the interests of the whole community. The groups must also welcome people from minority groups, experts in public health, individuals with chronic disease needs as well as low-income population. These group members are fundamental since it is their duty to review the data received and pinpoint and prioritize the needs of the community as far as health is concerned (Calgary, 2016). Define the Community This is the second step as far as community assessment is concerned. The community is essentially a group of people who tend to have different characteristics but share common perspectives. Defining the community is fundamental since it dictates the scope of assessment as well as intervention. The definition of community can be made more inclusive by bringing community members and patient into the conversation (Royer, 2015). Collecting and Analyzing Data This is the third step as far as community assessment is concerned. Data analysis is essentially the process of inspecting, cleansing and modifying data with the primary aim of discovering crucial information. Secondary data is compiled for the purposes of sharing with the group members. This data is also essential since it will be the foundation for the decisions and analysis that will be made in the meetings. Secondary data can comprise of demographic information, clinical care measures, levels of insurance, causes of death, environmental factors, childrens health as well as preventive measures. Information on how the hospital service areas were defined as well as the services and community benefits it provides should also be compiled too. Community stakeholders can complement quantitative data through interviews, surveys, community meeting as well as focus groups. Collecting and analysis of data will help particularly in ranking the health needs of the community (Butt, 2013). Choosing Primacy Community Health Issues This is the fourth step as far as community assessment is concerned. This involves selecting community health issues based on priority. This step is guided mainly by the qualitative and quantitative data that is collected and analyzed in the third step. The healthcare system and the stakeholders in the community can also play a crucial role in this step since they can explain the urgency of issues hence providing crucial information that is used in making final decisions as far as health care is concerned. Community members automatically feel more invested in the outcome especially when their views are considered and respected especially in regards to the urgency of the issues (Royer, 2015). Document and Communicate This is the fifth step as far as community assessment is concerned. In this step, documents are shared with the stakeholders before finalization so that their feedback and recommendation can be put into consideration before finalizing everything. Some of the crucial information they can provide feedback includes but not limited to the format of the document, language level as well as the length of the document. Through the provision of additional feedback, it is possible to know if there is a need for the document to be translated into languages and the best form of communication that would reach the subpopulations of the community. Those community members who were involved in the community assessment group can be called upon by the health system to act as community emissaries preaching on the needs assessment outcomes (Butt, 2013). Plan Improvement Strategies This is the sixth step as far as community assessment is concerned. Planning is essentially the process of organizing activities in such a way that the intended goal is achieved. In community assessment, community stakeholders are involved in the entire improvement planning process since they comments will be crucial as far as feasibility and acceptability of the strategies in the community are concerned. Furthermore, people who are involved the process will highly appreciate the opportunity to be part of the solution (Crouch Meurier, 2015). Implementing Improvement Plans This is the seventh step as far as community assessment is concerned. Improvement plans are strategies that can in one way or another improve the health of community members. This step involved executing those plans as dictated by step six. The evidence-based interventions pointed out in step six are customized in this step by simply engaging the community stakeholders and patients. This generates a sense of shared responsibility and fosters dialogue (Harris, 2016). Evaluation of Progress This is the eighth and final step as far as community assessment is concerned. Progress evaluation involves taking stock of where things are. Patients, families, as well as community members, are involved in providing opinions on how the implementation is developing and the sort of alterations that need to be made. Reflecting and strategizing with community members are encouraged for the purpose of knowing what works well and what should be improved (Amugi-crouch Meurier, 2015). Conclusion All in all, the purpose of community assessment is to come up with concrete strategies to tackle the needs of the community. Interventional assessment is virtually comprehensive but future planning should be incorporated in the steps. Future planning is recommended since it ensures that the strategies being implemented do not just solve current issues but also those that are projected to occur in future (Loue, Lloyd O'Shea, 2014). References Amugi-crouch, A., Meurier, C. (2015).Vital Notes for Nurses: Health Assessment. Oxford: John Wiley Sons. Butt, G. (2013).Making assessment matter. London: Continuum. Calgary (Alta.). (2016).A handbook for conducting a community assessment. Calgary, AB: The Dept. Harris, M. J. (2016).Evaluating Public and Community Health Programs. Newark: Wiley. In Crouch, A. T., In Meurier, C. (2015).Health assessment. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Loue, S., Lloyd, L. S., O'Shea, D. (2003).Community health advocacy. New York: Kluwer Academic. Top of Form Mpofu, E., Oakland, T. (2014).Rehabilitation and health assessment: Applying ICF guidelines. New York: Springer.Bottom of Form Royer, P. S. (2015).Project health assessment: A conceptual tool kit. New York: Wiley

Identity of an American free essay sample

According to Crevecoeur, what distinguishes an American from a European? * Explain how life in the British North American colonies contributed to the creation of a unique American identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Identity of an American or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the main things that establishes America as such a great nation is the fact that this is a nation that formed by a group of ideas, cultivated by a group of people, both native and foreign. These groups, after much warring and obvious conflicts of interests, discovered that they are in fact similar in many ways. What Is An American, 49-51). † In a final observatory note, the author speaks of good manners of the American people. Although it was never mentioned the great or lack thereof of manners by the Europeans, it is implied by the author that the manners of the Europeans were perhaps lacking in hospitality due to the obvious example brought forth in regards to manners. With all that was presented it is easy to see just how these colonies contributed to the establishing the unique American identity. As was presented earlier, everything that the American people believed in contributed to that uniqueness. Instead of dominating they intertwined and allowed all men to have freedom and equality. Without this the American people would not be the American people. They would still be a land that engaged in the serf system of lords and rulers having everything, people having nothing, and only the rich have entitlements. These colonies have given a revolutionary ideal that man is created with equality, through bipartisan decisions, from both rich and poor, decisions can be made.

Read Edgar Allan Poe The Cask Of Amontillado Example

Read Edgar Allan Poe The Cask Of Amontillado Example Read Edgar Allan Poe The Cask Of Amontillado – Book Report/Review Example The critical essay, â€Å"The Motive for Murder in "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe† was written by E.V. Baraban of the of Vancouver. As the title indicates, the focus of analysis and criticism in this piece centers on trying to ascertain what the motive was for the murder of Fortunato. Baraban dismisses the claims by other critics that Montresor must have been insane. She points to an essay written by Poe at about the same time â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† was published. In the essay, Poe claims that all of the details in his stories serve a purpose. This attention to form places Poe in league with the Russian Formallists, who felt the same way about their work. As a result, details revealed in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† would be irrelevant if Montresor were insane. Through the course of the criticism, the author continues to lead the reader to think that something in the text, a subtle word or phrase, will reveal Montresor’s motivation . I was disappointed to find that by the end of the article, all the critic had done was belabor the point that it most definitely was not because the murderer was insane. Hints are made about the social standing of the two characters and the time of the murder, but these do not really offer much insight into what the ultimate motive was for revenge. It is, in the end, left to the reader to draw his or her own conclusions. I feel as though this piece of criticism and analysis really drew me in at the beginning, but failed to make the salient points necessary to offer a satisfying conclusion. Perhaps too much was promised in the first few paragraphs of the criticism for a suitable conclusion to be possible.Termsprotagonist (pro-TAG-eh-nist) A protagonist is considered to be the main character or lead figure in a novel, play, story, or poem.flashback (flash-BAK): â€Å"an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary work) of an event of earlier occurrence†theme (theem): a common thread or repeated idea that is incorporated throughout a literary work. A theme is a thought or idea the author presents to the reader that may be deep, difficult to understand, or even moralistic.Citation"Glossary of Literary Terms." The University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .

Organisations and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organisations and Management - Essay Example The situation of Mainland Enterprises suggests that most people have little contact with people of other cultures/ethnicities in their everyday lives that is not role-related. Some employees avoid interacting with members of other cultures/ethnicities and/or view them as "undesirable" staff. This case vividly portrays that interpersonal communication employed by the CEO is ineffective and inefficient caused by different values and traditions of people, and poor interaction between all employees. For instance, the CEO and Western employees have different perception and understanding of the â€Å"family† concept of organizational culture but the CEO is unable to recognize these difficulties and problems experienced by the subordinates. The â€Å"western† are perceived as impolite and disruptive because of different communication n corms and traditions which have not been communicated and explained to Westerns people by the CEO (Wood, 2003). 2. The case study vividly portrays the important role of CEO and his vision in organizational culture. Communication should be seen as a process by which knowledge that resides in one or more people comes to be represented in one or more others. Certainly the transfer of knowledge is not the only thing that happens in communication, and for certain purposes it may not be the most useful way of thinking about the process. Below we refer briefly to some other dimensions of communication that may be important for cooperative work. Underlying the knowledge transfer view of communication is the assumption that any communicative act rests on a base of mutual knowledge (West and Turner 2006). The example of Mainland Enterprises reveals a set of mechanisms derives from the fact that individuals can often be assigned to social categories, and such category membership often predicts individual knowledge. Of course, category membership is not a perfect predictor of knowledge.

The Present Customer Service and Expectations within Samsung Which Essay

The Present Customer Service and Expectations within Samsung Which Have Emerged From the Delivery of Superior Products and Services by the Organization - Essay Example In this paper, various strategies which could be applied by Samsung to deliver consistent as well as effectual customer services within the competitive marketplace will be evaluated. Apart from these strategies, this paper also provides certain recommendations which can be fruitful for the organization to sustain customer service excellence going forward. Customer service is regarded as a service stipulation which organizations’ deliver prior to and after a product purchase. Customer service involves a sequence of activities which are designed by an organization in order to enhance the level of customer satisfaction through delivering products and services as per the customers’ expectations. The significance of customer service may differ in terms of industry, a company’s products and services. It can be said that customer service is a kind of systematic process which is utilized in order to make certain that customer satisfaction is achieved by delivering produc ts as well as services according to the demands of the consumers. Due to this reason, a majority of the leading organizations are intending to execute the process of customer service effectively in order to increase the level of customer satisfaction. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. is considered as one of the globally leading advanced electronics based companies in terms of manufacturing digital media as well as superior communication systems. With the help of innovative, talented employees, dependable products and services along with making collaboration with their partners and clients, the company is taking the world into a whole new imaginative direction. At present, the company’s products, services along with the incorporation of its systematic approaches towards the operational activities have helped it to maintain specific business level activities which in turn have enabled it to contribute effectively towards the development of people throughout the world. The employee s of this company are always directed by the simple philosophy, effectual values and superior ethical standards which help them to work efficiently and to deliver better products and services to satisfy customers’ requirements.

Application of Findings to the Nursing Process Research Paper

Application of Findings to the Nursing Process - Research Paper Example For example, work interventions (WIs) have been attributed to primary concerns, such as direct patient care, and to secondary concerns, such as discourse between nurses during work. Hence, the findings of the article show that when assessing a patient it is advisable to include primary, as well as secondary factors to come through with a complete picture. 1.2. Diagnosis The diagnosis carried out in the current research presents a twofold approach that addresses immediate, as well as long-term concerns. The research has highlighted that nurses face WI’s in a far greater proportion than expected; this may lead to unsatisfactory patient care problem that needs immediate focus and attention to be resolved. Issues that may require immediate focus include WIs due to direct and indirect patient care, engagement by patient’s family, etc. Furthermore, the research has diagnosed that a long-term approach is required to deal with nurse’s habits, such as conversing with each other during work or paying little more than normal attention to the task after a WI. In doing so, the current research has accounted for immediate, as well as long-term, focuses that conform to the nursing process. 1.3. ... However, the research presupposes that this may not be possible in each given healthcare setting so localized solutions may be required. Steps related to more long-term issues, such as changing the working habits of nurses, can be taken in small phases involving training, monitoring and self-assessment. The current article is specific about the measures required, as well as provides measures that can be implemented practically to make a difference. This, in turn, conforms to the outcomes/planning element of the nursing process. 1.4. Implementation Implementation as per nursing process requires the utilization of a care plan so that sustainability of care can be achieved. The current article outlines different methods to achieve sustainability of greater nursing care by reducing WIs, but no single plan has been chalked out for implementation. Instead, the current article mentions that actual implementation plans will differ by the exact healthcare setting in use, although vague implem entation steps have been outlined, as mentioned in the previous section. 1.5. Evaluation The current article does not provide highly concrete or detailed evaluation plans but does refer to them indirectly. In terms of nursing process, evaluation serves as effective feedback to modify the overall care plan continuously. Given that the findings of the current article apply in different forms to different healthcare settings, it can, therefore, be expected that their evaluation plans will also be different. However, there is little deniability that in these settings the evaluation criterion will still revolve around the central concept of WI. 2. Utilization of Findings by Students and Practicing Nurses Given the fact that WIs are a common part of the work